(Photo: Kelashin inscription (کێلەشین), in Urartian language, Ushnu (شنۆ), eastern Kurdistan.)
We have already discussed Hurro-Urartian origin of majority of the
place-names in Kurdistan.
This time we are going to elaborate the Hurro-Urartian remains in vocabulary of Kurdish, which survive as a strong substratum. The process of aryanization of Kurdistan, though superficially, began after spread of the first waves of the Indo-Iranic-speaking tribes in the early first millennium BC. The pioneers were Scytho-Cimmerians who invaded the kingdom of Urartu. But it is also known that there were Indo-Iranic horse-trainers in the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni, about a thousand years earlier).
The pre-Iranic substratum in Kurdish is so significant that it would be safe to consider Kurdish as a creole language. Indeed, there are hardly any cases where there is not a ''native'' Kurdish equivalent for the superimposed Irano-Kurdish words. With Irano-Kurdish it is meant words which could originally be traced to proto-Iranic but over time have changed after Kurdish pohonetic laws.
Since after World War II, linguists, due to lack of interest in Kurdish studies, have often neglected the pre-Iranic substratum in Kurdish and focused merely on the Irano-Kurdish layer. Of the Urartian language is not much known either (about 300 words), however, a strong majority of its known words have a identical or at least close equivalent in Kurdish. Urartian though closely related to Hurrian, sound more similar to Kurdish than does Hurrian; this may depend on the fact that Hurrian was spoken at an earlier time period. Mannaean was another Hurro-Urartian-related dialect spoken south of lake Urmia.
It is also worth noting that Armenian scholars have found a few Urartian words in Armenian, which appear to be borrowings via Kurdish.
1)
Urartian: Ale (he says)
Kurdish: Ale ئەڵێ (he says)
Urartian: Shuri (sword)
Kurdish: Shur شوور (sword)
Armenian: Sowr
Urartian: Kuri (foot, leg)
Kurdish: Qul قول (foot, leg)
Urartian: xur (deep)
Kurdish: xur/qul/kur خووڕ/قوول/کوور (deep),
Hurrian: agul (carve)
Kurdish: 'kol-[în]' کۆڵین : (to digg), kêla: (plow)
Urartian: shini (you, plural)
Kurdish: hin هین/هون (you, plural, cf. sh>h a regular sound change in Kurdish)
Urartian: apa (he/she/it)
Kurdish: awa, aw/ava, av cf. Kurdish p>w and p>v ئەوە (he/she/it)
Urartian: Sale (kid)
Kurdish: Zaro زارۆ (kid)
Armenian: jar (he-goat)
Urartian: tali (stick)
Kurdish: têla (stick, cf. Kurdish a>ê)
10)
Urartian: papi/bab/babani (mountain top)
Kurdish: pope پۆپە (head)/ bani بانی (mountain top)
Urartian: qal/kar (kill/slay, subjugate)
Kurdish: qir قڕ (kill, slay, cf Kurdish a>i)
Hurrian: shur (war)
Kurdish: sher شەڕ (war)
Urartian: bidia (turn)
Kurdish: bada-n بادان (turn)
Urartian: da (give)
Kurdish: da, دا (give, Iranic and other IE languages have a similar lexeme)
Urartian: xus/hush (throw)
Kurdish: xis-[tin]/hawish-[tin] خستن/هاویشتن (throw, cf Kurdish u>i)
Urartian: karbe (rock, stone)
Kurdish: karra کەڕا (rock, stone)
Armenian: qar (rock, stone)
Urartian: quira (earth, dust)
Kurdish: qur, xol قوڕ/خۆڵ (earth, dust)
Hurrian: arte (earth, soil)
Kurdish: ard ئەرد/هەرد (earth, soil, cf Kurdish rt > rd)
Urartian: $erab (dry)
Kurdish: chora چۆڕا (dry)
Armenian: caraw (dry)
20)
Urartian: eue (and)
Kurdish: u ئوو (and) but see even Iranic ''ut''
Urartian: tur ( to leave)
Kurdish: tor-[an], تۆران to leave
Urartian: ul (to go)
Kurdish: lu-wan لوان (to go)
Urartian: ulhu (order)
Kurdish: ol ئۆل (religion)
Urartian: bura (slave, servant)
Kurdish: bora بۆرە (commoner, low-class)
Urartian: xarxar (destroy)
Kurdish: xirxal خرخاڵ (destroyed)
Urartian: ale (but)
Kurdish: lê لێ (but)
Urartian: duli (grape)
Kurdish: trê, tirî ترێ (grape, cf. l>r and u>i)
Armenian: toli (grape)
Urartian: kapi (capacity measure)
Kurdish: kap/qap کاپ/قاپ (capacity measure)
Urartian: nah (to bring)
Kurdish: hên-an/han-în هانین/هێنان (to bring)
30)
Urartian: pare (toward)
Kurdish: pîr پیر (toward),
Urartian: pile (water canal)
Kurdish: pil-û-sk پلووسک (rain canal)
Urartian: tan (lay down)
Kurdish: dan-[an] دانان (lay down)
Hurrian: id- (hit, strike)
Kurdish: -d- (hit strike); ([lê] d-[an])
Urartian: teq- (to thump, to break)
Kurdish: teq-[în] تەقین (to thump, to break)
Urartian: uzgi (power, strength)
Kurdish: wuze وزە (power, strength, cf. Kurdish u- > w-)
Urartian: mari (lord, horseman)
Kurdish: mir میر (lord, compare also with the Semitic ''Amir'')
Urartian: shu/shia (to go)
Kurdish: chu, چوو (to go, cf. also Iranic ''shiyaw'')
Urartian: euri (lord)
Kurdish: hêwir هێور (brave)
Urartian: xarari (calm)
Kurdish: oqre ئۆقرە (calm),
Armenian:
40)
Urartian: zar (orchard)
Kurdish: zar زار (orchard)
Armenian: car (tree)
Urartian: ur (to place down)
Kurdish: wer-[in], وەرین (to place down, cf. Kurdish u-> w- )
Urartian: wal, (to win)
Kurdish: wêr-an وێران (to dare)
Urartian: zelbi (descendant)
Kurdish: zol زۆڵ (bastard)
Urartian: zeld, (to shatter the enemies)
Kurdish: zal زاڵ (to shatter the enemies)
Urartian: qarqar (throat)
Kurdish: qurg قورگ (throat, compare also with the Irano-Kurdish garû, and Persian galu, there is also another word in Kurdish: qurquroska)
Hurrian: kut/kud (to make fall, to kill)
Urartian: qot (piece)
Kurdish: kut کوت (piece), kut-a کوتان (to smash), kud (to kill)
Urartian: xubi (valley)
Kurdish: qopi قۆپی (valley, vale, plain)
Urartian: xare (to march, to raid)
Kurdish: xar غار (to march, to raid)
Hurrian: Hiuri (smoke)
Kurdish: Hulm هوڵم (steam)
50)
Urartian: $ue (river, lake)
Kurdish: chom/gom چۆم/گۆم (rive lake)
Armenian: cov (lake)
Hurrian: tiv (word)
Urartian: tiw (to speak)
Kurdish: diw-an دوان (to speak)
Urartian: abeli/aweli (attach, increase)
Kurdish: awale/awela ئاواڵە/ئاوەڵا (open)
Urartian: an, (no)
Kurdish: na, نا (no; there is also a similar equivalent in Iranic)
Urartian: ari-beri
Kurdish: birin برن (to carry, there is also a similar equivalent in Iranic)
Urartian: ewani/ebani (land)
Kurdish: -wan وان (suffix used after place-names)
Urartian: kulune (side)
Kurdish: qulin-chk قولینچک/ qurne قوڕنە (side, corner)
Armenian: koln
Urartian: man (to stay)
Kurdish: man مان (to stay), (resembles even Iranic, cf. New Persian ''mandan'')
Urartian: mana <Iranic (measure unite, mina)
Kurdish: man<Iranic (measure unite, mina)
Urartian: me (prohibitive particle)
Kurdish: me مە (prohibitive particle)
60)
Urartian: pahi (cattle)
Hurrian: pedari (cattle)
Kassite: badar (bull, cattle)
Kurdish: patal پاتاڵ (cattle)
Armenian: paxre
Urartian: par, to take off
Kurdish: pirr [-dan] پڕ (to take off, cf. Kurdish a>i)
Urartian: kamn (old, earlier)
Kurdish: kavn/kawn کەڤن/کەون (old, cf. m>v but also Iranic ''kohan'' which has led to Kurdish ''kon'')
Urartian: pe? (under)
Kurdish: pe? پێ (under, foot, cf. even Iranic pey)
Urartian: shid (build)
Kurdish: chê-[kirin], چێ (build cf, kurdish d>nil)
Hurrian: awari
Kurdish: awari ئەواری (land, country, field, cf. kurdawari, کوردەواری / warê me وارێ مە)
(Armenian agarak has been suggested as an Armenian loan from 'awari'. Kurdish has even 'garak' with the same meaning).
Urartian: ur (territory)
Urartian: qapqari
Kurdish: gamaro (p>w>m cf Kurdish ziman<ziwan<zban)
Urartian: sher (hide)
Kurdish: sher/shar شێر/وەشارتن (hide)
Urartian: quldi (uninhabited)
Kurdish: kawil (کاول) (annihilate,destruction)
Urartian: ar- (give)
Kurdish: ar- (give, dialectal as in Slêmanî, for example: ''bi-ar-ê'': بیەرێ ''give him'')
70)
Urartian: ture (destroy)
Kurdish: ture تووڕە (angry)
Urartian: aba (desire)
Kurdish: awat ئاوات (desire), aw-in ئەوین (to love)
Urartian: ada (again)
Kurdish: idi ئیدی (another, anymore)
Urartian: shal-i (year)
Kurdish: sal ساڵ (year, but Iranian ''sard'', New Persian has also ''sal'')
Armenian: tari
Urartian:
šeh-i/eri/e, living
Kurdish: zhiyar ژیار (living)
Urartian: arnu-ia (come to the aid of)
Kurdish: hana هانا (come to the aid of, cf Kurdish a- >ha- )
Urartian: lak- (to destroy)
Kurdish: Rûx-[an] رووخان (to destroy)
Urartian: 'are (granary)
Kurdish: harr هاڕ (granary, cf Kurdish ha-<-a, notice 'zimharr' زمهاڕ, meaning 'winter granary')
Urartian: ieshti (here)
Kurdish: hêsthte هێشتە (now)
Urartian: meshe (part, tribute, share)
Kurdish: mûche مووچە (part, tribute, share)
80)
Urartian: pi$ushe (joy)
Kurdish: pishû پشوو (holyday, vacation)
Hurrian: sheshe (six)
Kurdish: shesh شەش (six, but it is the same even in Iranic)
Urartian: izidu (admonish, command)
Kurdish: ezidi ئێزیدی (name of a native religion in Kurdistan)
urartian: yarani (kind of cultic building, altar)
Kurdish: yari یاری (name of a native religion in Kurdistan)
Urartian: aleu (dignity)
Kurdish: alewi ئالەوی (name of a native religion in Kurdistan)
Urartian and Hurrian: /-i/, /-iye/ (his, her, its)
Kurdish: /-i/, /-y/ ی (his, her, its)
Hurrian: /-v/ (your)
Kurdish: /-w/ و (your)
Urartian: ushanu (award, bestow, feel affection for )
Kurdish: wuchan وچان (rest, reprieve)
Urartian: napahia (submission, bondage, domestication)
Kurdish: nawi نەوی (low, a low level, position or degree), (p>w)
Urartian: tur (defeat, destroy)
Kurdish: dor- دۆڕ (defeat)
90)
Urartian: sal-zi (steep, abrupt)
Kurdish: sila سڵا (height)
Urartian: sil-e (woman, doughter)
Kurdish: selar سەلار (mistress of the house, beautiful woman) (note ''Selardi'', a lunar goddess of Urartu)
Urartian: lutu (woman)
Kurdish: lute لووتە (quoquettish woman)
Urartian: uldie (vineyard)
Kurdish: lote لۆتە (grapes hanged in order to be sun dried in a vineyard)
Urartian: nikidu (water)
Kurdish: niqdo/niqût نقووت/نقدۆ (water infiltration, water dropping, water penetration), (plus some other cognates of the word)
Urartian: kan/kain (in front of)
Kurdish: kin کن (in front of, near) (but cf. also Iranic ''kenar'')
Urartian: haš-ia: (be interested in)
Kurdish: haz حەز (be interested in, love, like)
Urartian: d-u-: (do, cause to do)
Kurdish: da/di:
ده/د (do, cause to do, used as a preffix for verbs)
Urartian: shalur (medlar)
Kurdish: shalor شەلۆر (nectarine)
Armenian: salor (plum) (clearly borrowed via Kurdish)
Urartian: mure (house)
Kurdish: mal ماڵ (house)
100)
Urartian: urishi (weapon)
Kurdish: hereshe هەڕەشە (threat), /(there is also ''huruzhim'': هوروژم attack)
Hurrian: shini (two)
Kurdish: shingil شنگڵ (twin, twin fruit)
Urartian: egur-hu (free)
Kurdish: xorayi خۆرایی (free)
Urartian: bad-gul (surround)
Kurdish: bawe-xulê باوەخولێ (turn around, also a kids game)
Urartian: aish-ti (leap, jump)
Kurdish: hej-an هەژان (quake)
Urartian: ibirani (whole, complete, full)
Kurdish: pirani پڕانی (majority)
Hurrian: hinzur (apple? pear?)
Kurdish: hencor هەنجۆر (unripe melon)
Urartian: kut-u (reach)
Kurdish: (geh<*ged) گەهشتن/گەیشتن (reach)
Urartian: ai/ay: (look, take care)
Kurdish: aw-ir ئاوڕ (look)
Urartian: di/erasia (fear)
Kurdish: tirs ترس (fear, but cf. also Iranic ''tars'')
110)
Urartian: Ti/er-usi, measure for liquid
Kurdish: Telîs?تەلیس measure of unit
Hurrian: ben
Kassite: ban
Kurdish: minal مناڵ (child)
Kassite: nadz (shade)
Kurdish: nisê نسێ (shade)
Kassite: ulam (son, child)
Urartian: alaue (man)
Kurdish: law لاو (young boy)
Hurrian:
çugi
Kassite: tsugi
Kurdish: chuk چووک (small)
Hurrian: ewri (dog)
Kurdish wer-în وەرین (barking of dog)
Hurrian: shiye (watery)
Kurdish: she شە (moisture)
Urartian: zainua (high)
Kurdish: zinar زنار (high cliff, high boulder)
Hurrian: shalmi (ashes, to burn)
Kurdish zhilemo ژیلەمۆ (burning ashes)
Urartian: amash (burnt)
Kurdish mêsh مێش (burnt ashes) (cf. ê<a)
120)
Hurrian: puhi (nose)
Kurdish: (kepû) کەپۆ (nose)
Urartian: shepuiaru (spoil)
Kurdish: sheprêwشپڕێو (disorderly)
Urartian: mesh- (distribute, share)
Kurdish: wesh-[an] وەشان (distribute, share)
Urartian: teribi (monument)
Kurdish: tirb ترب (monument, grave) (not be confused with Arabic 'turbat': soil)
Hurrian: fur-i (viw)
Urartian: wur-i (view)
Kurdish: wuria وریا (viewer, careful), awur ئاووڕ (sight), (even the Kurdish verb ''ruwan''-[in] (view) is likely connected to the Urartian ''wur'', rarther than being a metathesis for Iranic ''negar'')
Hurrian: halv- (enclose)
Kurdish: hal- هاڵ (enclose)
Urartian: kul-me (wealth, prosperity)
Kurdish: kel-k کەڵک (profitable, usefulness)
Hurrian: pâl (false)
Kurdish: fêl فێڵ (fraud)
Hurrian: tapsh- (destroy)
Kurdish: tawjm تەوژم (pressure), tapi (destroy)
Hurrian: apxe (louse)
Kurdish: aspe ئەسپێ (louse)
130)
Hurrian: kapp- (fill)
Kurdish: kipp کپ (filled)
Hurrian: azhoge (meal)
Kurdish: azhge/zig (stomach)
Hurrian: kul- (to speak)
Kurdish: qul- قوول (to speak aloud)
Hurrian: timeri (black)
Kurdish: tem تەم (darkness)
Urartian: tara-gie (powerful, strong)
Kurdish: daraqat دەرەقەت (to be powerful, to be strong)
Urartian: tam-hu (eliminate separate)
Kurdish: toq-[andin]<tawq (terrorize, frighten)
Urartian: shi-u (carry away)
Kurdish: shi-[andin] (send)
Urartian: anda-ni (right)
Kurdish: and ئاند (right)
Urartian: irb-u (take away grab)
Kurdish: rev-[andin]/rif-[andin] (take away, grab) (but cf. also Iranian 'robudan', take away, grab)
Urartian: pit- (beat apart, destroy)
Kurdish: pis-/pichr- (beat apart, destroy)
140)
Urartian: tishni (heart)
Kurdish: dine دنە (encourage) (cf. t > d & sh > nil)
Urartian: ti-ni (name)
Kurdish: deng دەنگ (voice)
Urartian: bauše (word)
Kurdish: wuše وشە (word)
Urartian: durba (revolt, rebel)
Kurdish: tola (revenge)
Urartian: hut-ia (to ask)
Kurdish: qut-abî (student)
Hurrian: fir (remove, untie)
Kurdish: fir, firê (throw)
Hurrian: halme (singing)
Kurdish: hore هۆرە (singing)
Hurrian: havur (heaven)
Kurdish: hawr (cloud), (note also Indo-Iranic abra)
Urartian: agu (lead away) (of IE origin?)
Kurdish: ajo-[tin] ئاژۆتن (lead away, drive)
Hurrian: asti (woman)
Kurdish: astê (name of a beloved woman in Kurdish folklore)
150)
Hurrian: tav/(-b) (to cast metal)
Kurdish: taw (thaw, melt)
Hurrian: ai (if)
Kurdish: ai (if)
Hurrian: alilan (lament)
Kurdish: lalan (lament)
Hurrian: çabalgi (fault)
Kurdish: çapal چەپەڵ (dirty)
Hurrian: xiyari (all)
Kurdish: xir (all)
Hurrian: çere (donkey)
Kurdish: ker (donkey)
Hurrian: çik- (break)
Kurdish: shik- (break)
Hurrian: xîri (hour, time, moment)
Kurdish: xêra خێرا (soon, hurry)
Hurrian: xizli (coiled)
Kurdish: cexiz جەخز(coiled)
Hurrian: xub- (to break, to destroy)
Kurdish: qup- (to break, to destroy)
160)
Hurrian: istani (between, among)
Kurdish: astang ئاستەنگ (obstacle)
Hurrian: izikun- (to wail)
Kurdish: zikan- (to wail)
Hurrian: kakari (sort of ritual bread)
Kurdish: kullêre, kellane (sort of ritual bread)
Hurrian: magunni (desire)
Kurdish: magirani (desire)
Hurrian: shakari or sagari (sprout, bud)
Kurdish: chakara چەکەرە (sprout, bud)
Hurrian: arushal (hurry)
Kurdish: halasha هەڵەشە (stressful)
Hurrian: heni (now)
Kurdish: henu-ke, niha, neha (now)
Hurrian: parili (crime)
Kurdish: palamar پەلامار (attack)
Hurrian: adi (thus)
Kurdish: dai (thus)
Hurrian: ak-i/u (other)
Kurdish: -ka (other)
170)
Hurrian: we (thou)
Kurdish: ê-we (you)
Hurrian: buru (strong)
Kurdish: wure ورە (strength)
Hurrian: çam (rip)
Kurdish çam (bend)
Hurrian: zurgi (blood)
Kurdish: zûx (blood), (compare, xwênaw=zûxaw)
Hurrian: xahli (cheek)
Kurdish: kulm (cheek)
Hurrian: halwu (fence made with stones)
Kurdish: hêl هێڵ (fence)
Hurrian: xawirni (lamb)
Kurdish kawir کاوڕ (young sheep)
Hurrian: xamaz- (oppress)
Kurdish chaws- (oppress)
Hurrian: hendz (constrain)
Kurdish: hêndj (constrain)
Hurrian: xerari (sinew)
Kurdish: kiroje (sinew)
180)
Hurrian: xeshmi (bright)
Kurdish: gesh (bright)
Hurrian: kalgi (weak)
Kurdish qals/qirj (weak)
Hurrian: nali (deer)
Kurdish: nêrî (male adult goat)
Hurrian: nawn- (pasture)
Kurdish: naw- (pasture)
Hurrian: ul- (to, eat, to devour)
Kurdish: lawar( la-war-) (to devour)
Hurrian: ubi (stupid, insane)
Kurdish: hapa (stupid, insane)
Hurrian: ashxu (high)
Kurdish: shax (mountain), also 'asê' means: uppward, high.
Hurrian: kaziari (high mountains of the Mesopotamian valley)
Kurdish: kazh (high mountain)
Hurrian: kewiranna (the senate, the old men)
Kurdish: gewran (the big ones, the adult ones)
Hurrian: kuzh- (to keep, to retain)
Kurdish: kush- (to hold in hands, to press in hands), alt: Kurdish qoz- (to catch)
190)
Hurrian: nekri (<nek, negh) (lock)
Kurdish: neq نقاندن (niq/nûq)- (to close)
Hurrian: shalhi (to listen)
Kurdish: shil (listen)
Hurrian: siba (dry)
Kurdish: zuwa زوا (dry)
Urartian: dibi (building, room)
Kurdish: diw دیو (room)
Hurrian: shu (day)
Kurdish: shawa-ki (morning, day)
Hurrian: shirat (narrate)
Kurdish: shirove (narrate)
Hurrian: tishan (very much)
Kurdish: tizha تژە (full)
Urartian: sutug (tear away, unjoin)
Kurdish: shetek (knot)
Urartian: gey (anything)
Kurdish gi گ (anything)
Hurrian: baz (enter)
Kurdish: baz (pass by)
200)
Hurrian: xeban-: (to set moving)
Kurdish: xebi- خەبتین (to be active)
Hurrian: hamadz-: (to oppress)
Kurdish: chaws- (to oppress)
Hurrian: haz- (to hear)
Kurdish: bihiz-: (to hear)
Hurrian: xaz (to oil)
Kurdish: xiz (oily, slippery)
Hurrian: pas- (to send somebody)
Kurdish: pas- (to send, as in 'hal pasardin': 'to send into exile')
Hurrian: shagari (ram)
Kurdish: shak (young sheep)
Hurrian: pal (know, understand)
Kurdish: fêr (learn)
Urartian: -kai (position, in place)
Kurdish: -ka (location suffix)
Urartian: muš- (true, fair)
Kurdish: mušur موشوور (fairness)
Hurrian: abi (in front of)
Kurdish: ba (in front of, near)
210)
Hurrian: shimi (sun)
Kurdish: shem (sun) (focilized in shemshemekwere, ''blind for the sun'': ''bat''.
Urartian: derzu/derju (order, arrangement)
Kurdish: darêj- (order, arrangement)
Urartian: tep- (throw down)
Kurdish: tep- (throw down)
Urartian: atqan: (to consecrate)
Kurdish: tarxân (to consecrate)
Urartian: shuki (as)
Kurdish: waki < hoki<shuki وەکی (as)
Hurrian: hur (drink)
Urartian: xurishe (irrigator)
Kurdish: qurishke قوریشکە (cup)
Urartian: ulx (flow out)
Kurdish: bilqبڵق (b<w, bubble)
Urartian: alga-ni (mountain)
Kurdish: Lêj لێژ (abrupt, steep)
Urartian: auiei (somewher)
Kurdish: awê ئەوێ (there)
Urartian: puluse (inscription, stele)
Kurdish: psule (voucher, receipt)
220)
Urartian: niribe (herd)
Kurdish: ran (herd)
Urartian: iese/ieshe? (I, pronoun)
Kurdish: ez ئەز (I, resembles also the old Iranian 'azm', but which one is 'az' actually derives of? Armenians claim Armenian 'yes' (I) is derived of Ur. 'iese
Urartian: armuzi (family, clan, generation)
Kurdish: hoz هۆز (clan) + rama (seed, from to-rama)
Hurrian: hemz (surround)
Kurdish: amêz, hembêz ئامیز (hug)
Urartian: zani (cry out)
Kurdish: zhan, jan, ژان (agony)
Hurrian: karshi (lips)
Kurdish: kalpa کەڵپە (animal lips)
Hurrian: wirwir (loosen)
Kurdish: wilwil ولوڵ (loosen)
Kassite: ash (earth, soil)
Hurrian: esh (earth, soil)
Kurdish: ax ئاخ (earth, soil)
Urartian: qarmexî (gift, present, sacrifice, celebration)
Kurdish: qelin قەلین (gift, dowry)
Urartian: -atuhi (-ness)
Kurdish: -ati (-ness)
230)
Urartian: aman- (vessel, pot)
Kurdish: aman- ئامان (vessel, pot)
God of lightning and storm
Hurrian: Teshup
Urartian: Tesheba
Kassite: Tishpak
Kurdish: Tishk تیشک (light, radiance)
Hurrian: shu (hand)
Kurdish: shop (hand palm)
Hurrian: chilman- (to break, vanish)
Kurdish: chilmis- (fade)
Urartian: shur (wall around a castle, fence, borders of the kingdom)
Kurdish: shure (wall around a castle, fence)
Hurrian: xalwu (fence made with stones)
Kurdish: xal خەڵ (fence made with stones)
Hurrian: ya/ye (who, which, what)
Kurdish: ya/ye (who, which, what)
Hurrian: tun- (to win)
Kurdish: tuna توونا (defeated, destroyed)
Hurrian: taridi (pot)
Kurdish: tirar (pot)
Hurrian: kol (let off)
Kurdish: kol (let off) (as in ''le kol bunewe'')
240)
Hurrian:shir (to be suffiecent)
Kurdish: têr (to be suffiecent)
Hurrian: ha (take)
Kurdish: ha (take!)
Hurrian: tijari (spindle)
Kurdish: teshi (spindle)
Hurrian: ábri (stock of wood-logs)
Kurdish: awirdu (stock of wood-logs), awirig (oven)
Hurrian: baq- (destroy)
Kurdish: baq- بەقین (explode)
Hurrian: bashi (mouth)
Kurdish: bêj (to say), (common a>ê)
Hurrian: pashixi (message)
Kurdish: pazhux (answer)
Hurrian: tad- (love)
Kurdish: dalal (beloved) (common d>l)
Hurrian: tagi (beatiful)
Urartian: taugi (clean)
Kurdish: daq دەق (cheerful)
Hurrian: hild-/held- (high, raise, elevate)
Kurdish: hild-/held- هەڵدان/هڵدان (rasie, elevate)
250)
Hurrian: kabli (copper)
Kurdish: paqir پاقڕ (copper)
Kassite: kukla (slave)
Kurdish: kukla (doll), kukm (homeless)
Hurrian: kumdi (tower)
Kurdish: kumadj کۆماج (column)
Hurrian: kubakhi (hood)
Kurdish: kumik (hood)
Urartian: korde (uncultivated, desolate)
Kurdish: kode (uncultivated, desolate)
Hurrian: kundzi (to kneel)
Kurdish: kudik (knee)
Hurrian: Xiríti (trench)
Kurdish: Xir (trench)
(
See also Urartian morphology and Kurdish)
